Macro-instability: a chaotic flow component in stirred tanks.

Chaotic features of the macro-instability (MI) of flow patterns in stirred tanks are studied in this paper. Datasets obtained by measuring the axial component of the fluid velocity and the tangential force affecting the baffles are used. Two geometrically identical, flat-bottomed cylindrical mixing tanks (diameter of 0.3m) stirred with either pitched blade turbine impellers or Rushton turbine impeller are used in the experiments, and water and aqueous glycerol solutions are used as the working liquids. First, the presence of the MI component in the data is examined by spectral analysis. Then, the MI components are identified in the data using the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique. The attractors of the macro-instability are reconstructed using either the POD eigenmodes or a method of delays and finally the attractor invariants are evaluated. The dependence of the correlation dimension and maximum Lyapunov exponent on the vessel operational conditions is determined together with their distribution within the tank. No significant spatial variability of the correlation dimension value is observed. Its value is strongly influenced by impeller speed and by the vessel-impeller geometry. More profound spatial distribution is displayed by the maximum Lyapunov exponent taking distinctly positive values. These two invariants, therefore, can be used to locate distinctive regions with qualitatively different MI dynamics within the stirred tank.